As a child growing up in the southwest I spent many a summer
night camping out in the back yard; laying on my back stargazing in awe and
wonderment. I guess you could say I was
just trying to get a sense of the room. The whole idea of endless space in this
thing we call an unlimited universe had my rapt attention, and I absorbed every
book on the subject I could find, becoming a fan of the science-fiction genre
in the process. Naturally I followed our
fledgling space program and the creation of NASA the National Aeronautical & Space Administration with a
passionate excitement; knowing historic events were unfolding right before my
eyes. I remember the feeling staring up
into those summer night skies; of how
small & insignificant we must be in
the grand scheme of things. I think even
more than the idea of mankind reaching for the stars, what enthralled me the
most was the basic question of how life formed on this planet, and did it also
form on other planets in this endless ocean of stars?
I think a great majority of us probably take being alive for
granted without ever really spending much time wondering how life came to
exist. For certain we spend some time
wondering who am I, and what is the meaning of life, but mostly
we tend to classify those questions as unknowable and file them away in long
term storage. We shall leave those
questions where they are, as today I am thinking more about how life
began here on Earth; and the critical path of events required for a single
species to evolve sufficiently to dominate and possibly destroy the
entire planet.
This critical path I refer to is what some historians
call a sequence of Threshold Moments; which have been instrumental in
the evolution of humanity upon this planet.
These are the moments and events which occurred at a critical juncture
of time to facilitate and shape the way of things to come. Historians have identified a total of eight
of these threshold moments in time, and they deserve some attention if only in
appreciation of the fact that if these eight events had happened differently
our story might be very different, or not have happened at all. To qualify as a threshold moment; an event
must alter things on a fundamental level, changing the world irreversibly for
better or worse. These eight threshold moments
are unique events in time, when the universe seems to defy its own natural law,
and move from the simple to the complex, from chaos to order.
#1 - The Big Bang
The first threshold moment is of course the big bang, some
13.8 billion years ago which created the universe as we currently understand
it. If this event had not happened in
just the way it did, the universe might have blinked out of existence just
after being created; the balances had to be just so. In a mere fraction of a second all the energy
that will ever exist was created out of the void in an inexplicable flash. All of the fundamental forces such as
gravity, and electromagnetism were created in the first few seconds following
the big bang. If gravity had been just a
tiny bit stronger, everything would have collapsed in on itself, and if it had
been much weaker, stars would not be able to form. Instead, the big bang happened with just the
perfect amount of force, to set the next sequence of events into motion.
#2 - Stars light
up
It took about 380,000 years for the universe to cool enough
for matter to form. During this time
there was gravity, and electromagnetism, but no atoms. Hydrogen &
Helium are the first two atoms to appear, the basic building blocks. Because gravity is not a constant in the brand
new universe, some areas having denser gravity attracted these early atoms of
helium and hydrogen into structures of swirling gaseous clouds; upon which
gravity kept exerting its force, compressing the atoms of hydrogen and helium
tighter and tighter together. This in
turn increases the temperature of these gas clouds and they become hotter & hotter until at about 10 million degrees
Celsius, when the pressure of gravity is just right, and the number of atoms
are just so...they ignite; and a star is born!
This first generation of stars light up the new universe ensuring that
things will never be the same again. In
the course of the stars life, eventually its fuel runs low and it begins to
burn out. The death of these first
generation stars brings us to the next profound threshold moment in time.
#3 - Complex
Elements Created
In the cores of dying stars, simple elements are bound and
fused together forming more complex elements.
Hydrogen and helium are now creating other the other elements on the periodic
table. In this way, dying stars become
essentially, an element factory. 12
billion years ago stars begin making the elements which eventually will make
modern life possible. Unfortunately
these dying first generation stars lack the energy to create anything heavier
than iron, as when it first creates iron, the process ends with the star
exploding as a supernova! Only the
intense heat and pressure of a supernova can create the more complex
elements. But, not even a supernova can
create the heaviest of elements, such as gold.
For that, you need the remnants of two supernovas (known as
neutron stars) to collide. The
resulting explosion of two neutron stars creates all the heavier elements, and
sends them scattering through interstellar space. Every time this process repeats, more
elements are created. Eons of time are
required for this process to produce enough iron, nickel & calcium to form rocky planets like earth.
#4 - Formation of
Earth
It is only after the first few generations of stars that
life, and earth like planets can exist. It
takes a minimum of two star generations before all the necessary elements can
exist, and even then you still need a lot more luck to get a life bearing rocky
planet. Some of the atoms in your body
are more than 13 billion years old, and were a part of creation itself! Several billion years ago a supernova in the
Virgo supercluster sent its shockwave smashing into a cloud of cosmic dust and
gasses, causing it to compress, spin and heat up. Gravity crushes and sculpts this cloud, and
from the remnants of an ancient star, a new one, our sun, bursts into light,
revealing eight young planets forming around it. The young earth caught several very lucky
breaks. Firstly Earth resides in the
only habitable zone in the solar system.
Earth orbits in the Goldilocks Zone where its not too hot, not
too cold - just right for life! Next, an
ancient collision with a Mars size object gave earth its moon, which is a
necessary counterbalance to the earth.
Were it not for this stabilizing effect, it's doubtful we would have
seasons; or even life on earth. Next;
earth has a molten core which with its rotation, creates the electromagnetic
field surrounding the planet. During The
late heavy bombardment, earth received not only a nice mantle containing
silver, copper and other minerals, but life giving water, as well; all delivered by asteroid and meteorite impacts. Yet another favorable aspect is the existence
of Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system.
These two gas giants with their extreme gravity wells, serve to attract
and consume the vast majority of roaming space rocks...before they encroach
into our orbit! If any one of these
factors had happened differently, or not at all; we might not even be
here. But they did happen in
just the right way and time, which was what was needed for the next threshold
moment in time.
#5 - Life begins
on Earth
Life on earth began with chemical reactions at the oceans
deepest depths; where rising heat from the planets molten core rips the ocean
floor open releasing lava and superheated gas, which ignites evolution
itself. In the frothy soup of these
underwater volcanoes, a new kind of chemistry is born. Just four chemicals, joining in millions of
sequences, gives way to the blueprint for all life - DNA . 540 million years ago, three billion years
after life first appears; earth's oceans exploded with complex animal and plant
life. About 500 million years ago plants
migrated from the ocean to dry land, in time covering the planet in lush jungles. Inevitably some creatures also crawl onto
land in search of food or to escape becoming food; and as they acclimate to
being permanent land dwellers, they will
evolve into ever more complex life forms.
Unfortunately, the more complex a life form is, the more fragile it
becomes to drastic environmental changes.
Five times that we know of all complex life forms on earth have been
destroyed in various extinction events which decimated 50% or more of all life
on the planet. Some 65 million years ago
the asteroid that ended the dinosaurs was one such event. That event cleaned the slate, giving us
mammals a shot at the game of evolution, and as we bask in the glory of what
we've become, let's also remember that if that asteroid had come along just
five minutes sooner or five minutes later; earth would likely still be
dominated by dinosaurs!
#6 - Collective
Learning
There are several distinctions that set humans apart from
other life forms, and one of them is that we're the only species which
accumulates information and passes it on to subsequent generations. Since modern humans arrived on the scene some
60,000 years ago this ability to store and share knowledge has facilitated the
evolution of the species to its current point.
Collective learning has given humans the skills & tools needed to adapt to changing environments, to survive
in the harshest of climates and to make everyday life easier in general. This leads to exponential growth of tribes
and villages as well as the spreading of humanity across the face of earth. This unprecedented population expansion did a
lot to ensure the survival of the species, but eventually led the way to the
next threshold moment, as there was less and less food to feed all those hungry
humans.
#7 - Farming
Revolution
The pinnacle of collective learning came about 10,000 years
ago during the shift from being nomadic hunters to growing our own food. We interfered with creation itself by
combining native grasses into the foods we depend on; like rice, barley corn
and wheat.
We did much the same with the wild animals of the day: All
of the beef consumed each year comes from cows who are all related to 80 wild
oxen tamed by our ancestors 10,000 years ago.
By capturing, taming and breeding; we turned the wild pheasant into the
chicken, wild boars into pigs, and the wolf into the dog. Another wild animal we domesticated, the
horse, is also responsible for the widespread use of the ancient Proto-Indo-European
language which in time turned into hundreds of different languages, spoken by
more than half the worlds population.
Perhaps the biggest challenge to agriculture was learning
how to preserve foods and meats; and preservation techniques turned lifestyle
changes into a revolution. Being able to build up a stockpile of food freed up
more time for other pursuits, including commerce with other settlements and
agricultural communities. This in turn
lead the way to villages which became towns, which became cities; and as
history so clearly shows us, where you have numbers of large cities you
eventually have an empire.
#8 - The Modern
Revolution
Mankind is breaking the ocean barrier around the year 1500
which was probably the original internet as the expansion into the Americas
intensified the aspect of collective learning.
This period is sometimes called the great acceleration, because with
ocean commerce came new ideas, new ways of doing things, and whole new ways of
thinking. Mankind's ingenuity for making
and building things exploded in the new world as collective learning spread thorough
the Americas . In the era of the steam engine it took one
hundred fifty years for mankind's collective knowledge to double, today it
takes two years, by 2020 it will take 72 hours!
The great acceleration brought about all the modern concepts
we take for granted these days which became the matrix for everything that
followed: from industry, to farming, to science &
technology. Discovery and exploitation
of oil and its by-products became the framework for an ever-expanding economic
paradigm, and a hell-bent-for-progress mentality; which eventually became the military-industrial
complex as we know it today. Growth
for the sake of growth, and higher profits is a mindset which has infected
humanity to the point that not only are we the dominant form of life on the
planet, we also affect and destroy many other species without so much as a
thought.
As we move ever deeper into evolutionary times we can be
certain that as always, one threshold moment invariably leads to the next in
the fullness of time. At this point all
I can say is that anyone who doesn't recognize that humanity is soon to see the
next threshold, probably hasn't been paying attention these last forty years or
so, all the signs point to it like a flaming finger of fate.
The 9th Threshold
As we begin to ponder the possible nature and scope of the
9th threshold, a fundamental question arises: with all our advances in
medicine, technology & science, have
we invented ourselves out of the cycle of natural selection? Something to think about for sure as we watch
the political drama unfolding across our planet. The dinosaurs reigned supreme on earth for 165
million years before a threshold event ended them. We humans have only been around 65 million
years or so and despite all our science and technology a similar threshold
event could be the ninth. Ironically
enough, two of the previous threshold events which led to our living on this
planet could conceivably happen again and wipe us out. The aforementioned asteroid impact is one,
the other being another supernova explosion in our neighborhood of the galaxy;
which would eradicate all life here rather abruptly.
There are of course other contenders for being the 9th
threshold, and some would say it must certainly be the effect of off world
cultures influencing life here on earth.
I always kinda hoped that mankind going to the stars and colonizing space
would be the 9th threshold but that is very unlikely what with our entire space
program being trashed, so I suppose some other kind of contact with aliens could
become the next threshold event. Maybe
the 9th threshold will happen when our technology overtakes us and we all
become assimilated into the age of transhumanism, cloning and sentient AI
(artificial intelligence) aka, "skynet" type robots. High on the list of possible threshold events
would be a thermonuclear war. The
scenarios are meaningless, because after the first one goes off, everyone will
get in the game because this time the name of the game is winner takes all.
We of course already have all the radiation
from WWIII thanks to the Fukushima
debacle; but without all the explosions and destruction of property to disrupt
the flow of business. Yes indeed, Fukushima
could quite easily become the 9th threshold event as it certainly qualifies in
all regards & aspects. Perhaps instead of wiping humanity out; all
this radiation influxing into our genetic structure just as we're entering a
spiritual evolution, will have the effect of mutating our species in ways we
can barely conceive. So, perhaps the
next threshold moment might be the mutant evolution of life on earth, resulting
from our arrogant misuse of powers we barely understand: being taken over by
our own technology!
Our universe is following it's own most basic law, that of entropy. Those cycles of second and third generation
stars are becoming fewer, and farther between.
Astronomers now say that 90% of material to make new stars is used up,
so fewer are being formed. Fewer stars,
fewer planets. As the universe continues
to expand, at some point billions of years from now, the last stars will
twinkle, sputter, then fade out; leaving the universe once again just a void
without forms or structure, without creation.
Maybe that's why most folks don't spend much time stargazing and pondering
the universe, we don't like feeling so small and insignificant. They say that part of this life is the
ancient battle between light & dark;
and certainly it does seem that way.
When you lay out in the back yard looking up at all the stars and
galaxies it sure seems that darkness holds more territory, but the most
interesting things happen where there is light.
May the Source be with You!
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